英语语法详解 动词不定式（三）

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本文导读目录：

1、GMAT语法：你所需要知道的“动词不定式”相关考点

2、英语语法详解 动词不定式（三）

3、英语语法：动词不定式用作表语

　　不定式算是英文中非常灵活的一个结构，既可以当名词用，还可以当形容词或者副词用；它是非谓语当中的一个。在考试中这是一个相对来说比较高频的考点，有的语法书讲不定式可以讲50多页，如果只是备考GMAT，全部看完，只能说精神可嘉或者真的是热爱语法吧。我帮大家整理了目前出现在真题里面考到的关于动词不定式的相关点，和我一起先搞定这些吧。1.动词不定式是to+动词原形组成的，一部分同学把动词不定式和介词to不区分。介词的to通常有方向的意思：•I walked to the office. （走“向”办公室）•Place the book to the left. （放“到”左边）•Her expression changed from amazement to joy. （从惊“到”喜）•I will explain to you where everything goes. （“向”你解释）既然是介词，这个to后面接名词或者doing，不可以接动词原形。下面这道真题就考了attribute…to的用法，将原因归给谁，这里的to是介词。出题老头在选项中A，B和D的to后面分别接了be, result和have been，把这个介词当成动词不定式用，欺负我们分不清。Written early in the French Revolution, Mary Wollstonecraft`s A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) attributed Europe`s social and political ills to be the result of the dominance of aristocratic values and patriarchal hereditary privilege.A.Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) attributed Europe’s social and political ills to be the result of B.Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) attributed Europe’s social and political ills to result fromD.in A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and AVindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft attributed Europe’s social and political ills to have been the result of 2.动词不定式可以当名词，当然可以做主语。例如To err is human，这是我在课上经常举的例子，这句子历史感扑面而来，一看就是金句，“是人就会犯错”。现代英语中，我们一般不太习惯这样用，经常用形式主语it替代它，例如：•It is impossible to get the ticket for the game这里的it就是指代后面的to get the ticket类似的有形式宾语，不定式作宾语的时候，也用it替代，把不定式放在句尾，例如：•Computer technology makes it possible for many people to work from home.这里的it指代后面的to work from home这道题目中的CD选项，差别点就在before这个从句的主语，一个是to be an expatriate，一个是it——To Josephine Baker, Paris washer home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate,and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for theResistance.C. Josephine Baker made Paris her home long before to be an expatriate was fashionable，D. Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate,Josephine Baker made Paris her home，这道题的答案C中it就是指代后面的to raise——Japan’s abundant rainfall and the typically mild temperature throughout most of the country have produced a lush vegetation cover and, despite the mountainous terrain and generally poor soils, it has made possible the raising of a variety of crops.C.have made it possible to raise3.不定式作定语，修饰名词其实在英语中非常常见，只不过这个用法往往被同学忽视；搜了一下目前真题，发现这个用法才是考的最多的，远远高于大家最熟悉的目的状语的用法。名词与不定式之间有“主谓关系”The conference to take place next month is bound to be agreat success.The plans to be made are of vital importance. （不定式可以用被动语态）The man to come our assistance is Mike.名词与不定式之间有“动宾关系”I have a dog to take care of.I have a paper to proofread.DongGe is a nice fellow to work with.这道题的答案D中，to be sighted就是一个定语修饰主语pulsar，能够被看见的pulsar。Although the first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, it had not been announced until February, 1968.(D)The first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star,to be sighted was observed in the summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, but the discovery was not announced until February, 1968.有些特定名词后常跟动词不定式，例如 way ,right ,movement, chance,reason, ambition, time等等。Defying efforts by policy makers on both sides of the Atlantic at restraining it, the United States dollar, continuing its rise, reaching its highest level in six years against the German mark.(D)to restrain it, the United States dollar continued its rise, reaching有些动词和形容词变成的名词，它们后面常跟动词不定式，例如ability, attempt, claim,decision, willingness, promise, readiness, need, obligation等等，这里的动词不定式都是把这些抽象名词展开说明，有点同位语的感觉。Two factories were closed in anattempt to cut costs.The decision to place the beautiful artifacts in out-of-the-way nooks around the mansion’s various rooms was inspiring.The first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing等后常接不定式。•He is always the first to offer help.大家千万不要尝试着把这些名词都背下来，真的很怕这样勤奋的孩子。有些名词应该是比较眼熟的，其他读读留个印象，看到句子尝试着分析一下就好。4.表“情绪”的一些形容词+to do，例如anxious, ready, annoyed, bored,lucky, fortunate, clever等。•She is anxious to finish school and get a job.5.动词不定式作状语表目的，可放在句首或者句尾，有时候用in order to或so as to来强调。• We had better start early so asto catch the bus.• To enjoy a grander sight, youmust climb to a greater height. （欲穷千里目，更上一层楼）Outlining his strategy for nursing the troubled conglomerate back to health, the chief executive’s plans were announced on Wednesday for cutting the company’s huge debt by selling nearly $12 billion in assets over the next 18 months.D.executive announced plans Wednesday to cut the company’s huge debt by selling nearly $12 billion in assets over the next 18 monthsE.executive announced plans Wednesday that are to cut the company’s huge debt by selling nearly $12 billion in assets over the next 18 months这道OG题的纠结点就在D和E，这里就是考察两种修饰语的语义差别；D中to cut表示目的，动作的发出者是主句的主语，也就是executive，他通过selling这种方式削减债务；E选项中的that are是定语从句，修饰plan，语义变成plans通过抛售这种方式削减债务，语义不好。6.动词不定式表结果。单独不定式to do表结果很少见，so…as to更常见。几道题考到了这个意思，好几个同学过来问我，这个好奇怪，直接就排除了。嗯……很多排除选的理由就是“好奇怪哦”。• The story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.• I awoke to find myself locked in the room.下面两题是之前问我问的最多的，大家排除答案A和D的理由很多，有的说目的是为了成了最大的生物体？这fungus还有这野心，语义错。有的说这两个to前面都加了逗号看着好奇怪哦。虽然表结果也不是非要加这个逗号，但是我在字典里看到几个to do表结果的句子有单独逗号；表目的除非在句首，在句尾我确实没看到逗号。大家如果发现例子，也欢迎给我留言。Beneath the soil of the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon, a fungus has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees, to become the largest living single organism known to humans.  (A)has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees, to become(B)has slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries, and so becoming(C)that has been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees for centuries has become(D)that has for centuries slowly woven its way through the roots of trees and has become(E)that, having slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries, to becomeOne of the earliest known birds with a beak and contour feathers, Confuciusornis sanctus, with large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, which probably helped them to climb up to a launching position for flight.(A)with large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings,which probably helped them to (B)with large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings, which probably helped it to (C)had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings,which probably helped them(D)had large clawlike "thumbs" on its wings, probably to help it(E)had large clawlike "thumbs" on their wings,probably to help it7.动词不定式作表语，be to do；主语从句或者抽象名词作主语比较常见。•What we want is to understand the matter clearly.•The idea is to establish contacts with similar groups inthe US.Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human facial expressions, to which they will then respond; their goal is primarily creating a robot that will empathize with us.(C)expressions and then respond to them; the researchers' primary goal is to create8.动词不定式的时态。动词不定式也有自己的时态，这个点比较简单，也不作为重点，考的频率很低。这里重点介绍完成时to have done表示在谓语动作之前发生，类似另外一个结构having done，对比下面的例句：•I am sorry to trouble you with so many GMAT questions.•I am sorry to have troubled you with so many GMAT questions.第一句话的语境：不好意思，我马上要上你课了，会有很多问题折磨你的，等着吧。强调trouble这事在不久将来。第二句话的语境：考完了，过来说不好意思，之前用这么多题目折磨过你。哈哈哈，开个玩笑。Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known that humans made stone tools.C.at which humans are known to have made语法点本身从来不是学习SC的最终目的，我们可以把它看成一个工具或者一座桥梁，在看到一个陌生英文句子，在阅读水平还不是很高的情况下，需要借助语法这座桥梁带我们到语义的彼岸。在经过了一定量的长难句分析和阅读的“巩固与刺激”之后，逐渐内化英文的表达和句型，形成了所谓的语感。这时候做题，我再问你，你咋知道这个句子主语在后面，是倒装？你说，我也不知道，一种“感觉”吧。这时候的“感觉”我就放心了，考场上有这种感觉，出分也就稳了吧。　　英语语法详解 动词不定式（三）三、 不定式作表语 　　1. 一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果) 　　To see is to believe/ To work means to earn a living. 　　2. 另一种情况主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用 　　His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future. / The boss's plan is to start building the skycraper immediately. / What I want to say is to get rid of the plan forever. 　　11) The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ［A］ large uninterrupted floor areas ［B］ and to allow ample light ［C］ into the interior ［D］ . 　　12) The most important ［A］ thing is negociate ［B］ with them about ［C］ the future of ［D］ the plant. 　　四、 不定式作定语 　　1. 不定式作定语修饰名词或代词，它只能放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。这时被修饰的名词与不定式之间有逻辑上的主谓关系 　　13) The flexibility of film allows the artist unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters. 　　［A］ to bring［B］ bringing［C］ is brought［D］ brings 　　14) Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz?blues singer rests on her ability emotional depth to her songs. 　　［A］ be giving［B］ are given［C］ being given［D］ to give 另外，有些词的不定式定语有主谓关系，如除了上述例句以外，还有些词常跟不定式作定语。这些词主要有decision (to make), (a) need (to eat), opportunity (to speak),reason(to learn a foreing language), time (to sth)等。 　　2. 动词不定式作定语往往有一层动宾关系，即所修饰的名词是不定式的宾语 　　15) Alice was having ［A］ trouble to control ［B］ the children because there were ［C］ so many ［D］ of them. 　　16) There are so many reference books for matriculation of postgraduate and I haven't decided which book . 　　［A］ to buy［B］ buy［C］to be buying［D］ buying 　　17) Astronauts can be affected by loneliness for they have to sit in the spacecraft for weeks with very little and no one . 　　［A］ to do … to talk［B］ doing … to talk to 　　［C］ to do … to talk to［D］ doing… to talk 　　3. 因为不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的宾语，所以如果不定式动词是不及物动词，那么就要在动词后加上相应的介词 　　He has a lot of trifles to deal withhttps://www.unjs.com/article/jc/yf/ I had got no place to live inhttps://www.unjs.com/article/jc/yf/That girl has nothing to worry abouthttps://www.unjs.com/article/jc/yf/the subject to concentrate on. / He has a strict teacher to listen to. / She has four children to look after. / She had a sick mother to live with. / This is the very person to sell your ticket to. 　　18) Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes, I still was not able to find a chair . 　　［A］ to sit［B］ for to sit on［C］ to sit on［D］ for sitting 　　4. 一些表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、打算、能力、意向等意义的名词后面要求接不定式作其定语，如：ability, attempt, effort等 　　19) During ［A］ the 19th century scientists found ［B］ that when certain parts of the brain were damaged ［C］ men lost the ability doing ［D］ certain things. 　　20) What is new, however, is the scientific attempt whether other planets beyond our own have given birth to advanced civilizations. 　　［A］ discover［B］ discovers［C］ discovering［D］ to discover 　　21) Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort her? 　　［A］ please ［B］ pleased ［C］ to please ［D］ having pleased 　　五、不定式作状语 　　注意作状语的动词不定式要与其逻辑主语在意义上和数上的一致。 　　1. 表示目的 　　22) its plans to promote disarmaments，the party has decided to establish a campaign headquarters with Benjamin Seaman as its leader. 　　［A］Although［B］To carry out［C］Except that［D］ Make 　　23) pure lead，the lead ore is mined，then smelted，and finally refined. 　　［A］ Obtaining［B］ Being obtained［C］ To obtain［D］ It is obtained 　　24) When they met，Leonardo and his enemy were fighting . 　　［A］killed each other［B］killing each other［C］to be killed each other 　　［D］to kill each other 　　2. 表示结果，在这种情况下，不定式的逻辑主语也是全句的主语 　　He must be cripple not to walk by himselfhttps://www.unjs.com/article/jc/yf/It seems that the employee didn't sleep at all to be so sleepy in the early morning. / What have I done for you to deserve such an amount of money? 　　还有固定搭配的不定式表示结果：so…as to; such(…) as to …; enough to…; too…to…; in order to … 等 　　We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guestshttps://www.unjs.com/article/jc/yf/ Is that room big enough to seat all of us?/ He is too young to fit that job. 　　3. 表示原因 　　It's very kind of you to say so. / I am pretty pleased to hear the news that you are elected as the president of the club. / I'm sorry to interrupt you. / They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area. 　　4. 伴随状况 　　在下列表示能力、愿望、倾向等语义的形容词后边也要接不定式：able(但其同义词" capable"后面要接"of+动名词")，anxious, eager, glad, inclined(倾向于)，liable, likely, pleased, ready等。 　　25) Certain ［A］ minerals are magnetic and are able to detected ［B］ by instruments that measure ［C］ differences in the Earth's magnetic fields ［D］　　上几期学习了英语语法：语态转换-主语+谓语动词+宾语+（疑问词）+不定式、动词不定式用作主语。本期学习英语语法：动词不定式用作表语。‍‍‍ 　　动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，其结构为“（to）+动词原形”。 　　（2）不定式用作表语 　　to不定式常常在系动语后用作主语。比如： 　　The most important thing is to be fair to everyone. 　　最重要的是公平对待每个人。 　　My wish is to become a college student. 　　我的愿望是成为一句大学生。 　　His plan is to set up another bookstore in the street. 　　他的计划是在街上再办一家书店。 　　To borrow is to take something; to lend is to give something. 　　Borrow指借入某东西；lend指借出某东西。 　　First is to maximize employment, and the second is tocontrol inflation. 　　首先是就业最大化，其次是控制通货膨胀。 　　They also are to meet with top officials from African nations. 　　他们还将会见非洲国家的高级官员。

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